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不及物动词的现在分词作定语表达强调动作正在进行，过去分词强调完成；及物动词的现在分词作定语强调主动，过去分词强调被动。分词的完成式一般不作定语。分词作其他成分时，也是如此。分词作定语，单个的分词作定语一般前置；分词词组，个别分词如given, left等，修饰不定代词等的分词，作定语需后置。例如：
We can see the rising sun.
我们可以看到东升的旭日
He is a retired worker.
他是位退休的工人
There was a girl sitting there.
有个女孩坐在那里
This is the question given.
这是所给的问题
There is nothing interesting.
没有有趣的东西
分词作定语相当于定语从句，如
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
= Most of the people who were invited to the party were famous scientists.
这个晚会所邀请的大部分人都是著名科学家。
典型例题：
1） The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. have written
B. to be written
C. being written
D. written
答案D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从句 which was written
2）What's the language ____ in Germany?
A. speaking
B. spoken
C. be spoken
D. to speak
答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。spoken，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为：What's the language （which is） spoken in German?
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